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Qualitative description of endotoxin elisa in rats
Collecting and handling biological samples is crucial for accurate diagnostic testing. For urine samples, similar to blood, they are influenced by various factors such as diet, physical activity, medication, and others. Diet, in particular, plays a significant role, which is why morning urine is typically preferred over random urine. Morning urine, collected first thing in the morning after waking up, is more concentrated and acidic, making it ideal for observing formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and casts. On the other hand, random urine can be affected by meals, exercise, and medications, leading to false positives or negatives. For example, dietary proteinuria, postprandial glucose, or vitamin C interference may affect the results of occult blood tests.
Postprandial urine, collected two hours after lunch, is especially useful for detecting urine sugar, protein, and urobilinogen. This type of sample increases test sensitivity and helps identify milder pathological conditions. The 12-hour urinary cell count, known as the Addis count, requires collecting all urine from 8 p.m. to 8 a.m. the next day. Due to the long storage time, formaldehyde must be added as a preservative. For 24-hour urine collection, which includes all urine from 8 a.m. on the first day to 8 a.m. the next day, different preservatives are used depending on the substance being tested—such as protein, glucose, 17-ketosteroids, 17-hydroxycorticoids, catecholamines, calcium, and more.
Clean midstream urine is commonly used for bacterial culture. It requires a sterile container and proper hygiene, including cleaning the genital area before collection. At least 12 mL of urine is needed, with 50 mL being preferable. Female patients should avoid contamination from vaginal secretions or blood.
For fecal samples, they provide valuable insights into gastrointestinal diseases. A clean bamboo stick should be used to collect stool containing abnormal components like mucus or pus. If the stool appears normal, samples should be taken from the surface, middle, and deeper parts. Parasite and egg counts require 24-hour stool collection. Amoebic trophozoites should be examined immediately after defecation, especially from the purulent or soft portions, and kept warm during transport. For Schistosoma japonicum eggs, mucus, pus, and blood should be collected. At least 30 grams of stool is needed for mite hatching, and it should be processed as soon as possible. Fecal egg examination using a clear film swab should be done around noon or early morning, focusing on the anal folds, and examined under a microscope promptly.
The chemical occult blood test requires avoiding meat and animal blood products three days prior, along with iron and vitamin C. All fecal samples should be examined within one hour of collection to prevent degradation of cellular structures and changes in pH.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples must be sent for testing immediately after collection. Prolonged storage can lead to cell degeneration, inaccurate cell counts, and reduced glucose levels due to decomposition. Bacteria may also undergo autolysis, affecting detection rates. Typically, CSF is divided into three sterile tubes: the first for bacterial culture, the second for biochemical and immunological tests, and the third for general appearance and microscopic analysis. The order of these tubes must not be changed. Since CSF collection is challenging, all procedures should be conducted with strict safety protocols.