The ablation discharge capillary is a tubular plasma generator with a small aspect ratio, the length is between several and ten centimeters, the inner diameter is only a few mm, the tube wall is usually a light plastic such as polyethylene, and the closed end is a rod. The anode has a hollow cathode at the open end, and a metal strip is connected between the poles to form a discharge path with an external circuit. The external circuit is a pulse power supply that provides pulsed high voltage. When two poles are applied to a pulsed high voltage of several tens of kV, a large pulse current of several tens of kA is generated in the capillary to cause the metal detonating wire to explode, forming an initial arc, ablating the polyethylene pipe wall material and This is made into a plasma, and an ejection is formed at the open end. Generally, the total discharge energy is several tens of kJ to several MJ, and the discharge time is only a few ms, so that low temperature (1~5eV), high density (10-6~102g/cm3), high speed (>10km/s) plasma can be generated. In the past 20 years, the body jet has intensively studied this special capillary discharge phenomenon, and proposed various theoretical models to describe the working process of the ablation arc plasma generator. The study shows that the plasma gas in the capillary is quasi-stable during most of the discharge time. The flow state of the capillary, so the behavior of the capillary can be determined by three parameters of the inner diameter tube length and the discharge current. Changing these three parameters can change the characteristic parameters such as density, temperature, velocity and pressure of the plasma jet to meet different application needs. . At present, this technology has been applied to electrothermal (ET) and electrothermal chemistry (ETC) ultra-high-speed propulsion technology, and is one of the key components of electrothermal chemical guns. In other fields, such as photolysis of harmful compounds, thermal spraying, surface treatment of materials, and preparation of new nanomaterials, the potential for electrothermal and electrothermal chemical emission speed limits is increasing. It uses capillary plasma spray guns to generate high temperature and high energy. The plasma jet heats the high-sonic working medium and produces the required pressure zone behind the warhead. The launch speed can reach 3,000 m/s. Currently, this technology has been used for small-mass emission, which can accelerate the weight of Mg particles to several km/ The speed of s is the ideal small-ball syringe in the thermonuclear fusion tokamak experimental device, used for ice hockey feeding, used to launch microparticles into space in space exploration experiments, simulating the interaction between space objects and cosmic dust, but launching Large mass objects require extremely high electrical energy storage densities, which hinders its practicality. ETC emission is an advanced technology combining chemical and electrothermal emission methods. It uses a high temperature and high energy plasma jet generated by a capillary plasma gun to ignite the chemical in the combustion chamber. Pharmacy, and control its combustion process, thereby increasing the burning rate of chemical agents, the speed of the large warhead The effect of plasma jet in ETC technology is twofold: 1 igniting the combustion agent to control the combustion process. The temperature of the plasma jet can reach 20kK when it enters the combustion chamber. The heat transfer is carried out in the form of radiation, and the deep absorption of radiation leads to the fuel. The ignition temperature is very high, and the experiment proves that the burning rate of the fuel is high with the initial temperature. In addition, the mechanical force of the plasma on the fuel causes micro-cracks in the fuel, and the combustion surface area is added. The characteristics of gas gas pressure delay are short. 2 strong action is to inject a plasma jet again when the gas pressure reaches the maximum, and widen the pressure time curve with this extra energy, and the area under the large curve can obtain a larger exit velocity (up to ~2 (%) 2 Treatment of harmful compounds The use of capillary plasma guns to generate high-energy pulsed plasma jets, the treatment of harmful organic compounds (such as halogens, halogens, phosphorous compounds and radioactive waste) is a new technology, Israel, Germany, France and Belgium are jointly developing. This effective and easy-to-control photolysis technology has a lower processing cost (40-50%) than other similar technologies. The high-density high-speed plasma jet carries a large amount of momentum and is not in the fluid being treated. The steady state, so the interface area of ​​the two is very large, the efficiency of radiant heat transfer is several orders of magnitude higher than other similar technologies. It is the structure of such a device that the aspirator 6 draws the capillary 4 and the reaction chamber 5 into a vacuum through a valve V6 before each discharge. Harmful compounds are fed into the capillary and reaction chamber by the servo system 1 via valve V1 and hollow anode 2, or directly into the reaction chamber by valve V3. The reaction additive and argon are fed to the final reaction product via valve V2 and the anode to obtain the desired by-product, and argon is the induced discharge. The reacted gases are collected, detected and taken offline by V9 by gas treatment system 7. Pressure gauge P1-P3 is used to monitor the reaction process. Electrothermal ablation capillary treatment of harmful compounds. Structure decomposition of harmful compounds requires plasma jet high-density energy (10~1000kJ) and still speed (10~20km/s). It is a capillary plasma gun design. The practical plasma gun requires an injection frequency of 1 time/s, a discharge energy of 30kj per discharge, a discharge time of 0.3ms, and a life span of 105 consecutive injections. In order to extend the life of the capillary, a high-density polyethylene material can be used, and the piston anode is used to compensate the mass loss in the capillary before each discharge. 3 Thermal spraying and material surface treatment Capillary plasma spray guns have been studied in Israel and Russia as spray coating equipment. The structure is the same as ETC gun, capillary plasma spray gun as pulse plasma ignition system, and the propellant and coating powder are contained in the cylinder. The gas-carrying paint produced by the ignition propellant is sprayed along the barrel to the base. The ETC spray gun has good controllability. The gas pressure can be raised to several hundred MPa within a few hundred Ms. The length of the barrel can be selected to obtain a suitable acceleration time to accelerate the speed of the powder. 1000m/s, it can form a high-quality uniform coating with high hardness and high adhesion. The ETC gun can accelerate the amount of paint powder by 3 to 5 times of the same technology. The plasma jet that usually ignites the propellant needs only a few kj of energy, and the temperature ~ jet can produce ~200m thick coating pulse high energy density plasma. The jet acts on and interacts with the surface of the metal material to form a film material different in nature and structure from the substrate to obtain a modified surface. The ablation discharge capillary is an ideal generator for plasma jets. M.Rott et al. used to treat metals and alloys. The inner diameter of the capillary tube is 4mm, and the long open end is a steel barrel with an inner diameter of 6mm and 60mm. The external power supply is the surface. Handle pulse power modules that are specifically optimized for design. High-energy deposition makes the surface layer of the sample rise to a very high temperature in a few m range for a short time until melting and extremely high condensation rate (~ hardened film, extremely high hardness and greatly improved wear resistance). Vacuum environment, easy to operate, adding some specific materials (such as chromium and carbon) film to the plasma can change the composition 4 electrothermal chemical synthesis technology high temperature plasma jet deep into the room temperature gas under atmospheric pressure to make the plasma and excess in the jet The cold gas is mixed, and the product is rapidly cooled to form nanoparticles. This electrothermal chemical synthesis (ETCS) is an ideal condition for generating new substances, especially nano materials. The structure of the ETCS capillary plasma generator is similar to that of the ET gun, its structure, The materials and working conditions are aimed at improving the vaporization of the cathode material and inhibiting the ablation of the tube wall. The arc will be concentrated at the tip of the cathode during discharge, the inside of the cathode is heated to near the melting temperature, and the tube wall is resistant to ablation materials such as ceramics, etc. The capillary radius is slightly larger and the length is slightly smaller. Different materials are formed by different ablation electrode materials, and the metal material is electrically Extremely, such as aluminum and titanium, which can produce nanocrystalline ceramics, graphite electrodes can generate a series of new carbon materials such as C60C70C84 and other carbon polyhedral clusters. The energy obtained at time t1 is stored as Wc(t1)=CdUc(4) Therefore, the energy released by Cd when discharged to t=t1 is Wc=CdU2/2-Wc(t1)=CdU2(1-e-, f)/2 obviously Wrl+WRes=Wc, ie the discharge of the electric double layer capacitor Some of the energy is consumed in its internal resistance, and the energy utilization rate Z can be seen. The equivalent internal resistance of the electric double layer capacitor has a great influence on its charge and discharge characteristics. If the charge and discharge characteristics are improved and the energy utilization rate is improved, it must be lowered. The self-discharge characteristics of internal resistance 3 electric double layer capacitors are self-discharge characteristics of several 5.5V electric double layer capacitors. The domestic 0.10.0471.0F Panasonic 0.47F capacitor has a voltage of >3V after 100h; Panasonic 1.0F, ELAN0.47F and NEC0.047F capacitors have a voltage difference of <3V after 30h, and the product charge and discharge characteristics are quite different from the data provided by the manufacturer. The voltage after self-discharge for 100h does not reach the nominal value. It shows that under the current material and process level, double power The voltage memory function of the layer capacitor also has a distance from the ideal level. It can also be seen that the self-discharge characteristics of the sample correspond to the leakage current, and the self-discharge performance is good when the leakage current is small. The leakage current and self-discharge performance of the electric double layer capacitor produced in this batch are higher than those of foreign NECELAN. The company's test product pregnancy 4 conclusion a in the electrical performance parameters of this batch of electric double layer capacitor test, the capacitance and the nominal value have a certain difference, but still within its capacity deviation; equivalent series resistance is larger Both are n-level; the leakage current is large, tens to hundreds of MA, and there is still a large distance from the ideal value (leakage current 0); the charge and discharge characteristics of the electric double layer capacitor are similar to those of the conventional capacitor, but charging and discharging The initial transient voltage jumps greatly; the equivalent internal resistance significantly affects the electric double layer capacitors
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Summary of application of high energy capillary discharge technology