Whole blood can be classified into non-anticoagulated and anticoagulated types based on the collection conditions. When collected without anticoagulation, the upper yellow liquid that remains after clotting is referred to as serum. In contrast, when anticoagulated blood is centrifuged, the upper yellow layer is called plasma. The storage temperature and time of the specimen, along with the methods used for separating serum, plasma, and cells, are crucial factors that influence test outcomes before analysis. Once blood is drawn, blood cells begin consuming nutrients due to metabolic activity, so timely centrifugation is necessary to separate cellular components. Preparation before blood collection also plays a significant role in ensuring accurate results. Factors such as fasting duration, timing of sample collection, patient posture, tourniquet application, infusion, physical activity, choice of anticoagulants, and stabilizers all affect certain test indicators. Therefore, standardizing the entire specimen collection process is essential to minimize pre-analytical errors. For serum collection, two main approaches are used: non-anticoagulated tubes and coagulant-containing tubes. Non-anticoagulated tubes, often coated with silicone to prevent wall adhesion, allow natural clotting, followed by centrifugation to obtain serum. These are commonly used for biochemical tests (e.g., liver function, kidney function, electrolytes, thyroid hormones), drug screening, and immunological assays. Coagulant tubes, which contain agents to accelerate clot formation, reduce the need for long standing times and are ideal for emergency biochemistry testing. Tubes with both coagulant and separation gel provide better separation of serum from cellular components, minimizing hemolysis and improving accuracy. For plasma collection, anticoagulated whole blood is gently inverted and centrifuged to isolate plasma. Common anticoagulants include heparin, EDTA, and sodium citrate. Heparin is widely used due to its minimal interference with most tests, though it may affect PCR and white blood cell counts. EDTA is preferred for hematology exams but may interfere with enzyme-based assays. Sodium citrate is typically used for coagulation studies, requiring precise blood-to-anticoagulant ratios. After collection, serum and plasma should be stored at low temperatures. They can be kept for up to one month at -20°C or three months at -70°C. Centrifugation speed varies depending on the species, with typical ranges of 1000–3000 rpm for mice, rats, rabbits, and humans. Hemolysis and lipemia can significantly impact test results. Hemolysis may elevate levels of enzymes like LDH and potassium, while lipemia can cause turbidity and interfere with optical measurements. Visual inspection alone is insufficient to assess hemolysis; serum hemoglobin concentration provides a more accurate measure. For red blood cell and whole blood testing, anticoagulated blood is first collected, then processed by centrifugation and washing. Lysed blood samples can be prepared by diluting with cold distilled water and used for various analyses. Proper storage and handling ensure the integrity of the samples. New products include ELISA kits for detecting specific biomarkers such as ATM, Apo-H, HPRI, IL-3, MHC, cTn-I, PAF, pERK, C3a, amylin, 17-KS, BGP, OTF2B, MCP-4, IGF-1, OJ/IleRS, and pentosidine, supporting research in various fields including immunology, cardiology, and endocrinology.

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