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Solid-phase extraction (SPE) has become an essential technique in chemical separation and purification over the past two decades. It is widely used in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, environmental analysis, food safety, and organic chemistry. SPE allows for efficient sample preparation by removing impurities and concentrating target compounds, making it an indispensable tool in modern laboratories.
The basic principle of solid-phase extraction involves the interaction between a liquid sample and a solid adsorbent. As the sample solution flows through the adsorbent bed, certain compounds are retained based on their affinity for the solid phase, while others pass through. This selective retention enables the isolation of desired analytes with high purity and concentration. The process relies on the balance between the adsorbent’s attraction and the solvent’s ability to dissolve the compounds.
Retention and elution are key steps in SPE. During retention, the compound of interest binds to the adsorbent, while other components flow out. This binding depends on the chemical properties of the analyte, the nature of the solvent, and the characteristics of the adsorbent. Elution follows, where a stronger solvent is used to remove the retained compound from the adsorbent, allowing for its collection and further analysis.
Adsorbent capacity and selectivity are critical factors that determine the efficiency of SPE. Capacity refers to the maximum amount of analyte that can be retained per unit mass of adsorbent, while selectivity describes the ability of the adsorbent to distinguish between the target compound and other matrix components. A highly selective adsorbent ensures that only the desired analyte is retained, enhancing the overall performance of the extraction process.
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Application principle of solid phase extraction technology